Five essentials of Biblical Interpretation 2: context

Books-of-Art-Isaac-Salazar-08-600x672I am here continuing the repost and revision of my series from three years ago on the essentials of interpretation. Having established that we cannot avoid the task of interpretation, my first ‘essential’ set out the reasons why we need to read any particular text in the Bible in the light of the whole—to read in the light of the big picture of the canon of Scripture.

My second essential starts with the same letter: we need to read texts in their context, in particular, in their historical context. At one level, this is a basic assumption of the possibility of reading at all. We could not have a translation in English if we did not have some idea of what the terms meant in their context. But this assumption also raises big questions for any interpretation. What if we do not know the historical context? (This is particularly the case for poetic texts, particularly those which are part of some of the OT prophets.) What if the information is lost to us—does that render the text meaningless? What if there is a conflict between different views on what the historical context really was like? What about those Bible readers who do not have access to historical background information? And how do we avoid the ‘priesthood of the historian’, where an expert stands between us and the meaning of the text?

These are big questions, and they cannot all be answered here. It is worth noting that these questions have been around for at least the last 150 years, since the ‘historical critical method’ (in a sense, the principle of reading the Bible in its historical context, pushed to its limit) has dominated the disciplines of biblical studies in Western culture.

But they are questions that we ignore at our peril. ‘A text without a context is a pretext.’ In other words, when we remove a text from its historical context, we can begin to make it mean all sorts of things (which is one of the reasons to be very wary of allegorical interpretations). Before we ask the question ‘What does this text mean to me?’ we must ask the question:

What did the text mean then, to its writer and first readers?

and the answers to this double questions must connect with one another if texts are to ‘mean’ anything at all. The idea that God continues to speak to us in the present is dependent on the idea that God spoke at specific times and places in the past, and this in itself has significant theological implications. In asking this question, we are recognising that God is speaking to us through what someone else said to another, in a different cultural and historical context. It reminds us that the worlds of Scripture are different from our world—in an important sense, are strange to us—and this prevents us from domesticating Scripture or thinking we are the only ones God has ever spoken to!


Despite these big questions, there are some very direct and straightforward ways in which attending to the original context can transform our reading and our understanding.

In the Parable of the Talents in Matt 25.14–30, the common application of using our ‘talents’ is that we should make the most of our natural abilities, gifts and resources. But if we pay attention to its historical context, we will note that the Greek word ‘talent’ (in older translations simply transliterated into English) was a large amount of silver or gold, equivalent to about 20 years’ worth of a working man’s wage. This simple observation makes the common interpretation highly unlikely; my ability to play the guitar, or bake, or balance the accounts, hardly merits this extravagant metaphor! When we put this observation alongside the previous principle of reading canonically, we then ask: what, in Jesus’ teaching in Matthew, is described as an enormously costly treasure, gifted to unworthy or unlikely people? The answer, of course, is the kingdom of God. (See Matt 6.19–21, 12.35, 13.44, 13.52, 19.21). The parable is not about what we do with our natural abilities, but what we do with this costly treasure of the kingdom, bought at great price, and untrusted to us as a gift. (At this point you might be rolling your eyes and groaning: ‘Oh no, this is another parable about evangelism!’)

In Paul’s discussion of Jesus’ return in 1 Thess 4.13–18, what language is Paul using when he talks of the ‘coming of the Lord’ in v 15? The term is parousia and it can simply mean ‘presence’ of someone with another. But it also had in Paul’s world a technical meaning—the ‘presence’ of the emperor as he visited subject cities. As he approached, the elders of the city would come out of the gates, meet the emperor, and then turn, to re-enter the city with the emperor whose authority they had exercised in his absence. This is image Paul is drawing on when he talks of us ‘meeting the Lord in the air’ (v 17). When Jesus returns, he is coming to ‘city earth’ after a long absence; we go out to greet him as he approaches, and when we meet him, we turn around and accompany him as he takes his rightful throne back on earth. So this is the precise opposite of the ‘rapture’ that these verses are often supposed to prove. (And worth noting that he does not actually use the phrase ‘coming with the clouds‘ which is often associated with this passage.)

P1140075What does it mean to be ‘lukewarm’ in the message to the ekklesia in Laodicea in Rev 3.15–16? It is usually assumed that to be ‘hot’ is to be fervent (a good thing) and to be ‘cold’ is to be indifferent to faith (a bad thing). So how could the risen Christ prefer us to be cold than to be ‘lukewarm’ (usually assumed to mean being neither one nor the other—Anglican in fact!). But in its historical context, hot and cold are both good things to be. Across the valley in Hierapolis (modern day Pammukale), the hot springs bring healing. Further up the valley in Colossae the cold springs bring refreshment. But in Laodicea, the hot water has to travel some distance, so by the time it reaches the city it is lukewarm, and with its dissolved calcium carbonate, if you drink it, it makes you want to—spit it out! Hot and cold are both good for something, but lukewarm water is good for—nothing. It is then that we notice what the verse actually says: not, ‘I know your faith’ but ‘I know your works—and you are being ineffective’ (Rev 3.15). (If you go to Laodicea, you can view stacks of clay pipes and the aqueduct itself lined with the calcium deposits, as shown in the picture.)

The debates about the most controversial texts concerning gender relations and sexuality also suffer when the historical context is ignored—which it is surprisingly often. In 1 Cor 11.2–16, Paul starts his discussion by talking of the relation between God and Christ, Christ and man, and man and woman using the metaphor of ‘head.’ (Only here in fact; in the rest of the chapter the use of ‘head’ is literal, not metaphorical.) But we cannot know what this might mean without considering what people in Paul’s world actually thought heads were for! We assume that the head, which holds the brain, controls and gives instruction. But in Paul’s world, that was the function of the heart. What do you think they thought heads were for? I have addressed this in other posts—but part of the answer is far from obvious!

In a similar way, we cannot read the ‘haustafel‘ or ‘household codes‘ in Eph 5 and 1 Peter (and elsewhere) without knowing what other codes in the first century would have said. In what ways are these instructions supporting, and in what ways contradicting, the culture of the day? Again, I have explored this in other posts—but here we need to note the importance of asking this question.


We cannot avoid the task of interpretation, so how do we do it well? First, by asking ‘What does this text mean here, in this part of the biblical story?’ which is the question of canon. Second, we need to ask the question of context‘What did this text mean then?’ Thirdly, we need to ask the question of kind of writing (even though it does not begin with ‘c’!): ‘What does it mean written in this way?‘—which will be the subject of my next post in this series.


Postscript: Peter Enns has an interesting post (with a great title!) where he links the need to take historical context seriously to the centrality of the person of Jesus in God’s revelation. He does so by citing the writing of Mark Smith, writing from a Catholic perspective, but sharing the outlook of evangelical Enns:

As a Catholic Christian for whom the incarnation is a central mystery of faith, it seems to me that in the search for God little refuge will be found behind the walls of the text: God is not met in the text without reference to the world outside the text. God is met in our world, and not only in our canon and not only in our church. In our study of the Scriptures, God awaits both within and without, and perhaps notably in the encounter between the two. This viewpoint, it seems to me, is hardly a modern or secular one. It informs Israel’s earliest glimpses of God, as identified by historical criticism.

Enns goes on to comment:

In other words, taking the incarnation seriously means taking the study of history seriously. Even the study of Scripture on its own canonical terms will drive one, sooner or later, to historical study as well. Why? Because at some point, usually when we confront interpretive dilemmas…questions like the following come up:

  • What would this have meant to the people who first heard it?
  • When was this written?
  • Why do these texts give such different points of view on the same subject?

These are historical questions, folks. And we all ask them.

A key observation thing here is that asking questions about history does not depend on adopting a particular philosophy outlook, but on attending to the person of Jesus.


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4 thoughts on “Five essentials of Biblical Interpretation 2: context”

  1. First – a question: On ‘talents’: If your interpretation rules out application to our God-given gifts and abilities and, I presume, to financial and other material treasure, then how do you interpret the different number of talents given to each. How can one person receive five times as much of the ‘kingdom of God’ than another?

    And another: On Jesus’ return, you suggest that the parallel to an earthly king means that Jesus will take his place on his throne on ‘city earth’. Are you suggesting that the parallel requires us to conclude that Jesus’ kingship would be over ‘city earth’? Having in mind that his kingdom is called the “kingdom of heaven”, set in CONTRAST to earthly kingdoms – and that Revelation describes a ‘new Jerusalem’ city coming from heaven – and Paul says our citizenship is of heaven, I’m wondering whether your description of ‘city earth’ is either accidentally misleading, or accentuates a view you have but isn’t drawn from this ‘historical’ background detail, or whether you actually think that the historical details should sway our interpretation so much?

    And then an observation: On ‘head’ not indicating authority, I think this one is evidence of something we need to avoid: the tendency to presume that the new ‘find’ proves the old view to be ignorant and wrong.
    Your article on ‘heads’ mentions Col 2:10. Yes: the English translation of the head being ‘over’ every ruler and authority here is dubious to say the least! The Greek is a description of the ‘head’, which is ‘of’ (not ‘over’) ‘all ‘arche’ AND ‘exousia’. So Paul here describes the ‘head’ as being of BOTH the ‘arche’ beginning point (which I’d suggest matches your ‘find’) AND the ‘exousia’ authority. So it’s both-and, not either-or.

    Reply
  2. Re Talents. I also would really like some discussion on this.

    Re “Kingdom of Heaven”: I think the phrase only occurs in Matthew and appears to be a circumlocution of “Kingdom of God” and need not imply that the kingdom will be in heaven. The fact that the new Jerusalem comes DOWN from heaven suggests that it comes to earth and so eternity might well be in earth. The fact that our citizenship is of heaven might parallel the citizenship of many inhabitants of Philippi which was of Rome. So by themselves I do not think that Ian’s ‘city earth’ notion is disproved. I personally have a problem with Jn 14:2,3 if the city earth notion is right. Perhaps a compromise is possible that earth and heaven are joined together.

    Re First canonical then contextual. I assume that this order is more of an order of logic than of time. By this I mean that the five essentials form a cycle rather than a straight line and wherever one joins the cycle we need to proceed round the cycle and keep going. Otherwise the first one, the canonical worries me. It allows us to massage the meaning of biblical words into a uniformity that it not really there.

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  3. “It is usually assumed that to be ‘hot’ is to be fervent (a good thing) and to be ‘cold’ is to be indifferent to faith (a bad thing). So how could the risen Christ prefer us to be cold than to be ‘lukewarm’ (usually assumed to mean being neither one nor the other—Anglican in fact!)”

    This is just a question, not an actual issue with the text. The article seems to be saying “Christ could not possibly prefer this meaning of cold to this meaning of lukewarm, therefore the words *must* have a different meaning”.

    And that seems very odd given that Jesus had much stronger criticisms for religious hypocrisy than for honest disbelief. It’s quite reasonable that he would prefer the cold disbelief that might yet be good soil for the seed, over a waffling type who thinks he has faith and is a good pious person but actually just goes back and forth from day to day depending on whether his faith is convenient to him or not.

    Reply
    • Thanks for the question. I am not convinced that Jesus ‘had stronger criticisms for religious hypocrisy’; Jesus had strong words for all sorts of people. Jesus seems to be much more positive about a warm responsiveness (‘You are not far from the kingdom of God’) than for cold hard-heartedness.

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